Current Issue : July - September Volume : 2015 Issue Number : 3 Articles : 6 Articles
Purpose 5-a reductase inhibitors (5-ARI) have been\nsuggested to increase the risk of male breast cancer. The\naim of this study was to study the risk of breast cancer in\nmen on 5-ARI, in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia\n(BPH) not on 5-ARI, and in men without BPH.\nMethods We performed a population-based cohort study\nin Sweden with data from The Prescribed Drug Register,\nThe Patient Register, and The Cancer Register. Men on\n5-ARI, men on a-blockers, or men who had undergone a\ntransurethral resection of the prostate (TUR-P) prior to or\nduring 2006ââ?¬â??2008 were included as exposed to BPH and a\nspecific treatment thereof. For each exposed man, five\nunexposed men were selected. Risk of breast cancer was\ncalculated in Cox proportional hazard models.\nResults There were 124,183 exposed men and 545,293\nunexposed men, and during follow-up (median 6 years), 99\nmen with breast cancer were diagnosed. Compared to\nunexposed men, men on 5-ARI had a hazard ratio (HR) of\nbreast cancer of 0.74 (95 % confidence interval (CI)\n0.27ââ?¬â??2.03), men on a-blockers had HR 1.47 (95 % CI\n0.73ââ?¬â??2.95), and men with a TUR-P had HR 1.99 (95 % CI\n1.05ââ?¬â??3.75).\nConclusion No increased risk of breast cancer was\nobserved for men on 5-ARI. However, the increased risk of\nbreast cancer among men who had undergone a TUR-P, a\nstrong indicator of BPH, suggests that the endocrine milieu\nconducive to BPH is associated with male breast cancer....
Breast cancer is themost frequently diagnosed cancer inwomen.However, the exact cause(s) of breast cancer still remains unknown.\nEarly detection, precise identification of women at risk, and application of appropriate disease prevention measures are by far the\nmost effective way to tackle breast cancer.There aremore than 70 common genetic susceptibility factors included in the current nonimage-\nbased risk prediction models (e.g., the Gail and the Tyrer-Cuzickmodels). Image-based risk factors, such asmammographic\ndensities and parenchymal patterns, have been established as biomarkers but have not been fully incorporated in the risk prediction\nmodels used for risk stratification in screening and/or measuring responsiveness to preventive approaches. Within computer\naided mammography, automatic mammographic tissue segmentation methods have been developed for estimation of breast tissue\ncomposition to facilitate mammographic risk assessment. This paper presents a comprehensive reviewof automatic mammographic\ntissue segmentation methodologies developed over the past two decades and the evidence for risk assessment/density classification\nusing segmentation. The aim of this review is to analyse how engineering advances have progressed and the impact automatic\nmammographic tissue segmentation has in a clinical environment, as well as to understand the current research gaps with respect\nto the incorporation of image-based risk factors in non-image-based risk prediction models....
Background: Breast cancer is the most common cancer in the UK. Lifestyle factors including excess weight\ncontribute to risk of developing the disease. Whilst the exact links between weight and breast cancer are still\nemerging, it is imperative to explore how women understand these links and if these beliefs impact on successful\nbehaviour change.\nMethod: Overweight/obese premenopausal women (aged 35ââ?¬â??45) with a family history of breast cancer (lifetime\nrisk 17ââ?¬â??40%) were invited to a semi-structured interview following their participation in a 12 month weight loss\nintervention aimed at reducing their risk of breast cancer. Interviews were carried out with 9 women who\nsuccessfully achieved ?5% weight loss and 11 who were unsuccessful. Data were transcribed verbatim and\nanalysed using thematic analysis.\nResults: Three themes were developed from the analysis. The first theme how women construct and understand links\nbetween weight and breast cancer risk is composed of two subthemes, the construction of weight and breast cancer risk\nand making sense of weight and breast cancer risk. This theme explores womenââ?¬â?¢s understanding of what contributes to\nbreast cancer risk and whether they believe that weight loss could reduce their breast cancer risk. The second theme\nmotivation and adherence to weight loss interventions explains that breast cancer risk can be a motivating factor for\nadherence to a weight loss intervention. The final theme, acceptance of personal responsibility for health is\ncomposed of two subthemes responsibility for oneââ?¬â?¢s own health and responsibility for family health through\nmaking sensible lifestyle choices.\nConclusion: Beliefs about weight and breast cancer risk were informed by social networks, media reports and\npersonal experiences of significant others diagnosed with breast cancer. Our study has highlighted common\ndoubts, anxieties and questions and the importance of providing a credible rationale for weight control and\nweight loss which addresses individual concerns. Counselling and health education material should be tailored\nto facilitate understanding of both genetic and modifiable risk factors and should do more help individuals to\nvisualise the weight and breast cancer link....
Background: Pancreatic cancer (PancCa) is recognized as a component of many well-described hereditary cancer\nsyndromes. Minimal research has focused on patient needs and experiences living with this risk.\nPurpose: To understand the meaning and experience of living with familial PancCa risk and to explore experiences\nrelated to screening and prevention of PancCa.\nMethods: Participants underwent semi-structured, in-depth interviews. Adults without PancCa and who met familial\nor hereditary risk criteria were eligible. Thematic analysis was completed on the transcripts in order to identify patterns,\nconsistencies, and differences. Narrative review of existing literature related to women living with hereditary breast and\novarian cancer (HBOC) risk was completed to explore similarities and differences between published findings and\nour current findings.\nResults: Nineteen individuals (9 male, 10 female) participated. Major themes addressed participants� family\nexperiences with PancCa and PancCa death and the associated grief from the experiences. Family experiences\nimpacted how participants interpreted and approached their own cancer risk and participated in the cancer\nscreening program. Participants wanted to control their cancer risk and sought information and resources to\nprevent PancCa or PancCa related death. Distress related to risk was not described as constant but occurred\naround salient time points.\nConclusion & future implications: Study results begin to describe the lived experience of individuals with\nPancCa risk. Through this research we have uncovered important variables to further understand, measure, and\nintervene upon in future research. Distress related to risk was not described as ongoing, but occurred around\nspecific and salient time points that brought risk to the forefront. Individuals with familial PancCa risk may have a\nunique experience compared to other hereditary cancer syndromes due to the high mortality of the disease and\nuncertainty related to prevention and early detection outcomes....
Background We investigated the association between the\nR.E.N.A.L. nephrometry score (RNS) and the postoperative\nrecurrence of localized renal cell carcinoma (RCC).\nMethods We retrospectively analyzed a database comprising\n91 patients with non-small localized RCC (pT1bââ?¬â??T2b)\ntreated by radical nephrectomy at our hospital from January\n2002 to March 2010. RNS was scored based on imaging\nfindings at diagnosis. The Cox proportional hazards\nmodel was used to predict recurrence-free survival (RFS)\nand to calculate hazard ratio (HR).\nResults The median age at operation was 63 years (range,\n30ââ?¬â??85 years). Postoperative recurrence occurred in 19\npatients (21 %). Median RNS sum was 9 (range, 5ââ?¬â??11).\nHigh RNS sum (10ââ?¬â??12) was significantly associated with\nRFS (P = 0.0012). Multivariate analysis revealed that high\nRNS sum [HR, 9.05; 95 % confidence interval (CI), 2.11ââ?¬â??\n63.9; P = 0.0019] were significantly associated with RFS.\nRegarding each component of RNS, only the L component,\nwhich referred to tumor location relative to the polar line,\nwas associated with RFS (HR, 15.0; 95 % CI, 2.68ââ?¬â??396;\nP = 0.0006).\nConclusions RNS was associated with RFS in cases of\nnon-small localized RCC (pT1bââ?¬â??2b), thus supporting its\nutility as a prognostic factor....
Background: Approximately 30 % of all breast cancer is at least partly attributed to hereditary factors. Familial\nbreast cancer is often inherited in the context of cancer syndromes. The most commonly mutated genes are BRCA1\nand BRCA2 in hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome. The genetic background in families with hereditary\nbreast cancer without predisposing germ line mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 (non-BRCA families) is still to a large\nextent unclear even though progress has been made. The aim of this study was to compare cancer proportions in\nfamilial non-BRCA hereditary breast cancer compared to the general population in search of putative new breast\ncancer syndromes.\nMethods: Pedigrees from 334 non-BRCA hereditary breast cancer families in the county of Stockholm, Sweden,\nwere investigated and the distribution of cancer diagnoses other than breast cancer was compared with the\ndistribution of cancer diagnoses in the general Swedish population in two reference years, 1970 and 2010.\nA cancer diagnosis was regarded as overrepresented in the non-BRCA families if the confidence interval was\nabove both population reference values.\nResults: We found that endometrial cancer was overrepresented in the non-BRCA families with a 6.36 % proportion\n(CI 4.67ââ?¬â??8.2) compared to the proportion in the general population in the reference years 1970 (3.07 %) and 2010\n(2.64 %). Moreover tumours of the ovary, liver, pancreas and prostate were overrepresented.\nConclusion: In conclusion, we found an overrepresentation of endometrial cancer in our cohort of hereditary\nnon-BRCA families. Our result supports previous inconsistent reports of a putative breast and endometrial cancer\nsyndrome. An association has been suggested in studies of families with several cases of breast cancer in close\nrelatives or bilateral breast cancer. To clarify this issue we suggest further studies on a breast and endometrial\ncancer syndrome in cohorts with a strong pattern of hereditary breast cancer. Identifying new breast cancer\nsyndromes is of importance to improve genetic counselling for women at risk and a first step towards detection\nof new susceptibility genes....
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